51 research outputs found

    Death in The Saga of Darren Shan

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    Syftet med denna studie Àr att undersöka hur temat döden behandlas i barnboksserien The Saga of Darren Shan (Legenden om Darren Shan). Denna avhandling ger insikt i hur bokserien The Saga of Darren Shan tar upp och behandlar döden samt försöker klargöra huruvida författarens tillvÀgagÄngssÀtt att behandla döden skiljer sig frÄn hur temat generellt sett behandlas i barnlitteraturens vÀrld. Döden har alltid varit, och förblir, nÄgot som ligger bortom vÄr förstÄelse och dÄ Àr det inget under att ett flertal forskningar gjorts inom Àmnet, inte minst i de litterÀra kretsarna. Det Àr dessa studier, speciellt de som fokuserar pÄ döden i barnlitteratur, som utgör en basis för denna avhandling. De fem olika sÀtten att se pÄ döden som anvÀnds i denna avhandling har hÀrletts frÄn tidigare studier som gjorts inom Àmnen som död och barnlitteratur. Dessa Àr följande: likheter och oliketer kring hur döden behandlas i The Saga of Darren Shan i jÀmförelse med de metoder forskning pÄvisar att ofta anvÀnds i barnlitteraturen, döden som en positiv styrka, döden som en negativ styrka, döden och dess följder (livet efter detta) samt döden som en förvandling. Analysen tar fasta pÄ teman som förekommer i samband med döden i The Saga of Darren Shan, bland annat förtvivlan, maktlöshet, det lyckliga slutet, metamorfos, förvandling, ondska och ondskefulla karaktÀrer, berÀttigande, förevigande samt döden som den rÀttfÀrdiga domaren. För att fÄ en bild av hur döden i denna bokserie presenteras, kategoriseras och analyseras dessa teman noggrant. FörvÀntningen pÄ resultatet var att bilden som böckerna ger av döden skulle vara relativt negativ, eftersom de vid första ögonkastet tycks behandla döden vÀldigt direkt och inte drar sig frÄn att nyttja blodiga och ohÀmmade beskrivningar av döden. Dock kan man genom denna analys konstatera att böckerna i sjÀlva verket har en rÀtt neutral instÀllning till den döden.fi=OpinnÀytetyö kokotekstinÀ PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=LÀrdomsprov tillgÀngligt som fulltext i PDF-format

    Study protocol for locoregional precision treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with transarterial chemoembolisation (TACTida), a clinical study:idarubicin dose selection, tissue response and survival

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    INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death, often detected in the intermediate stage. The standard of care for intermediate-stage HCC is transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), where idarubicin (IDA) is a promising drug. Despite the fact that TACE has been used for several decades, treatment success is unpredictable. This clinical trial has been designed believing that further improvement might be achieved by increasing the understanding of interactions between local pharmacology, tumour targeting, HCC pathophysiology, metabolomics and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study population of this single-centre clinical trial consists of adults with intermediate-stage HCC. Each tumour site will receive TACE with two different IDA doses, 10 and 15 mg, on separate occasions. Before and after each patient's first TACE blood samples, tissue and liquid biopsies, and positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI will be performed. Blood samples will be used for pharmacokinetics (PK) and liver function evaluation. Tissue biopsies will be used for histopathology analyses, and culturing of primary organoids of tumour and non-tumour tissue to measure cell viability, drug response, multiomics and gene expression. Multiomics analyses will also be performed on liquid biopsies. PET/MRI will be used to evaluate tumour viability and liver metabolism. The two doses of IDA will be compared regarding PK, antitumour effects and safety. Imaging, molecular biology and multiomics data will be used to identify HCC phenotypes and their relation to drug uptake and metabolism, treatment response and survival. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Participants give informed consent. Personal data are deidentified. A patient will be withdrawn from the study if considered medically necessary, or if it is the wish of the patient. The study has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr. 2021-01928) and by the Medical Product Agency, Uppsala, Sweden. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: EudraCT number: 2021-001257-31

    The Cell Wall Polymer Lipoteichoic Acid Becomes Nonessential in Staphylococcus aureus Cells Lacking the ClpX Chaperone

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    Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria and a promising target for the development of vaccines and antimicrobial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus. Here we demonstrate that mutations in the conditionally essential ltaS (LTA synthase) gene arise spontaneously in an S. aureus mutant lacking the ClpX chaperone. A wide variety of ltaS mutations were selected, and among these, a substantial portion resulted in premature stop codons and other changes predicted to abolish LtaS synthesis. Consistent with this assumption, the clpX ltaS double mutants did not produce LTA, and genetic analyses confirmed that LTA becomes nonessential in the absence of the ClpX chaperone. In fact, inactivation of ltaS alleviated the severe growth defect conferred by the clpX deletion. Microscopic analyses showed that the absence of ClpX partly alleviates the septum placement defects of an LTA-depleted strain, while other phenotypes typical of LTA-negative S. aureus mutants, including increased cell size and decreased autolytic activity, are retained. In conclusion, our results indicate that LTA has an essential role in septum placement that can be bypassed by inactivating the ClpX chaperone. IMPORTANCE Lipoteichoic acid is an essential component of the Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope and an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimicrobials directed against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. In this study, we showed that the lipoteichoic acid polymer is essential for growth of S. aureus only as long as the ClpX chaperone is present in the cell. Our results indicate that lipoteichoic acid and ClpX play opposite roles in a pathway that controls two key cell division processes in S. aureus, namely, septum formation and autolytic activity. The discovery of a novel functional connection in the genetic network that controls cell division in S. aureus may expand the repertoire of possible strategies to identify compounds or compound combinations that kill antibiotic-resistant S. aureus.Peer reviewe

    Children must be protected from the tobacco industry's marketing tactics.

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    Measurement of PPEs after recognition - Factors explaining the preference of the cost model

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